America’s energy storage market just had its biggest first quarter in history, and is growing exponentially with GTM Research projecting it to reach roughly 2.6 gigawatts (GW) in 2022 – almost 12 times total 2016 market size, with surging deployment in the utility-scale storage projects.  

This growth opens up tremendous opportunity for storage developers worth $3.2 billion in 2022 and $11 billion cumulatively from 2017-2022, according to GTM Research, while also opening up incredible opportunity for utilities seeking to integrate renewables, smooth ramping requirements, and optimize their system to boost grid reliability.

Today, most utility-scale storage projects are in the 10-megawatt (MW) and greater range, but that’s changing fast. Innovative new designs and technologies have made storage – especially when paired with solar photovoltaics (PV) – fully dispatchable and cheaper than building a new natural gas-fired peaker plant, today. Navigant Research forecasts hybrid energy storage system (combined storage and generation) capacity will grow from 78.6 megawatts in 2017 to 2.1 GW in 2026, meaning for utilities, the storage future is here.

EV innovations began storage price declines; project innovations will keep costs falling

Developers don't need subsidies and incentives to do solar and storage, although the current 30 percent ITC helps improve project economics. Lithium-ion battery costs have fallen nearly in half since 2014. This reduction in cost is largely due to the proliferation of electric vehicles; companies developing new EV batteries are unlocking price and efficiency breakthroughs that are being applied to power generation.

Forward pricing curves to 2020 do not show as dramatic a decline, but as the energy storage business expands and EVs gain traction globally, we'll probably see more declines in the energy storage price. Combining solar and storage makes sense for electric grid reliability, on cost. Developing solar and storage together allows for generation output to be smoothed, shaped, and fully dispatched; and it provides economies of scale and reduced project pricing. Developers can also optimize the system design process to lower costs, integrating storage equipment within actual PV arrays to unlock more efficient inverter use.

Currently, lithium-ion batteries are the predominant bankable technology and are used on more than 95 percent of energy storage projects. Potential solutions such as flow batteries or flywheels may make sense down the line in individual projects or as technologies evolve. Our test center in Northern California is experimenting with emerging technologies to see where the next improvement will come from to utilize any reliable and cost-effective solution that truly makes it over the crest.

Software is the final piece of the innovative project design and a storage control system is complicated. It requires algorithms that interface with a utility’s energy management system and the battery energy storage system’s (BESS) battery management system, optimizing when the project charges and discharges. Developers are working to optimize an integrated design of the four major solar-plus-storage system components– the PV array, battery, inverters, and the power control system.

Back in the early days of solar development, people just mounted panels on fixed structures and aimed them south. The solar industry reduced project costs with design innovations like single access tracking, higher efficiency modules, or other approaches that improved project efficiency and performance. Leading project developers and EPCs are taking the same approach today with hybrid designs to optimize system efficiency and distribute batteries within solar arrays to lower prices on top of declining manufacturing costs.

Multiple applications and benefits for utilities dealing with the duck curve

Energy storage is kind of like an SUV: You can use it to drive alone and commute to work, you can pile in all the kids to get them to soccer, or you can pull a trailer. Battery storage is similarly a versatile, multi-use product that provides multi-stacked value to the utility, to the residential and commercial consumer, and to the grid operator. It shifts energy, it stabilizes the grid, and it enhances the operability of variable renewables.

Storage has become a natural complement to solar PV power, and solar-plus-storage presents a number of use cases, starting with the duck curve. We've all heard of the duck curve in California – during the day when the sun is out we have a lot of solar power available, but peak utility demand is in the early evening, creating a supply and demand mismatch. While solar PV delivers very clean, very economical power, its delivery curve is typically up to four hours earlier than when the power has its highest value and your load starts to drop.

But a solar-plus-storage system obviates the duck curve’s large generation ramping requirements. By charging batteries during the day, utilities can then discharge them into the early evening, shifting solar power delivery and smoothing out the ramp. This benefit is huge, because not only can you now provide dispatchable solar power in the evening when it has the highest value, but you can also provide other transmission and grid benefits.

California utilities have pioneered these applications, with SCE, PG&E, SDG&E, IID, and LADWP all implementing projects and actively exploring bringing on more capacity, but they’re not alone. Utilities and regulators in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida are all exploring the inherent advantages of being able to store energy and move it around to stabilize their grid.

Don’t forget about renewables integration and grid optimization

Beyond smoothing out ramping requirements, solar-plus-storage also allows utilities and grid operators to integrate renewables across their systems. Solar and wind have proliferated across the country as technology costs have come down, with utility-scale solar prices recently falling below $1/watt for the first time, but creating a need to shift delivery of power to when utilities and customers need it the most.

Utilities, especially balancing authorities, have wrestled with their ability to integrate intermittent renewables, creating reliability concerns. For instance, as cloud cover makes solar drop off or the wind slows and wind turbines stop spinning, grid operators face large swings on their Area Control Error (ACE) calculations, which is measuring VARS across the interties. On transmission grids, the Automatic Generation Control (AGC), which dispatches generation to maintain a balanced generation/load system, generally is in minutes per megawatt-hour change versus milliseconds per load variability. However, battery storage is much faster and can provide instantaneous balancing to changes in the load and smooths out the ACE calculation.

While renewables continue improving their value proposition relative to the other resources such as natural gas and existing coal, they’ve been somewhat limited by their intermittent nature – but now energy storage creates a natural coupling with solar. In fact, we have proposed solar-plus-storage projects to major utilities at the 100-MW scale that are able to supply fully dispatchable energy from anywhere between one to four-hours or longer at any time of the day besides the hours required to charge the batteries. These solar and battery storage systems can supply energy at less than the average cost of a new natural gas turbine peaker plant.

This dispatchability of solar-plus-storage also improves the ability and speed with which utilities and grid operators can conduct frequency regulation. Utilities, from a regulatory standpoint, are responsible for managing a tremendously important electrical grid, which requires that generation follows the continually changing load. Operating the transmission grid reliably and in accordance with North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) requirements requires generators to constantly move up or down match the load. The faster ramping capability can regulate the frequency, the better. Operators want generators coming on line that are quick enough to maintain the system frequency and maintain their transmission system; solar-plus-storage is fast and has the ability satisfy this condition and to prevent NERC violations for compliance standards violations.

Finally, solar-plus-storage empowers utilities and grid operators to optimize their transmission system. Many utilities cluster renewables around transmission to accommodate a large amount of potential solar resources in one area. Solar plus storage enables the utility to shift the solar energy by dispatching it at a time when transmission capacity is available.  This shifting approach maximizes the use of that transmission, obviating the need to build expensive new transmission lines. From an economics standpoint, it creates significant benefits.

Energy storage an exciting opportunity for utilities 

Utilities across America are starting to learn storage through pilot projects, and as they install batteries, they realize operational benefits as well as economic benefits from avoided costs across their systems. Once these benefits become apparent, they want to add more storage and create a beneficial cycle of positive outcomes begetting more projects, which creates larger benefits and so on.

In the coming years, utilities across the country will be adding larger and larger storage projects at lower and lower costs. Storage installations can be solar-plus-storage, or they can be stand-alone, but either way they open up exciting new opportunities for utilities and grid operators.